The Remarkable Sassafras Tree: A Review

The Sassafras tree (Sassafras albidum) is a fascinating deciduous species native to eastern North America that has captured human interest for centuries. This unique tree offers ecological value, historical significance, and multiple practical uses, making it worthy of closer examination.

Physical Characteristics

Sassafras trees typically grow 30-60 feet tall with irregular, spreading crowns. Their most distinctive feature is their polymorphic leaves - a single tree may display three different leaf shapes: oval, mitten-shaped (with either a left or right "thumb"), and three-lobed. In autumn, the leaves transform into spectacular shades of yellow, orange, and red. The tree's bark is deeply furrowed in mature specimens, while young stems have smooth, greenish bark.

Ecological Importance

Ecologically, Sassafras plays several important roles. Its flowers provide early spring nectar for pollinators, while the dark blue drupes (fruits) are eaten by numerous bird species including robins, woodpeckers, and thrushes. The tree serves as a host plant for the spicebush swallowtail butterfly and several moth species. Sassafras often grows in thickets, creating valuable shelter for wildlife.

Historical and Cultural Significance

Sassafras has a rich history in North America. Native American tribes used various parts of the tree for medicinal purposes, and early European colonists exported sassafras roots to Europe where it was touted as a cure-all. The tree's roots were used to make traditional root beer, and its leaves are a key ingredient in filé powder used in Creole cooking. During the 16th-18th centuries, sassafras was one of the first major exports from North America to Europe.

Modern Uses

Today, Sassafras continues to be valued for multiple purposes:

• The aromatic roots and bark are used to make tea (though safrole content has raised some health concerns)
• Essential oils extracted from the tree are used in perfumes and soaps
• The wood is durable and used for furniture, fencing, and boatbuilding
• Dried and ground leaves make filé powder for gumbo

Growing Conditions

Sassafras thrives in USDA zones 4-9 and prefers well-drained, acidic soils. It's relatively low-maintenance, tolerant of drought once established, and resistant to most pests and diseases. The tree spreads readily through root suckers, forming attractive groves but potentially becoming invasive in some areas.

Potential Concerns

While Sassafras has many benefits, there are some considerations. The compound safrole found in the root bark was banned by the FDA in 1960 for use in commercial foods due to potential carcinogenic effects. Some people may experience skin irritation from contact with the leaves. In certain regions, the tree can spread aggressively through root sprouts.

In conclusion, the Sassafras tree is a remarkable native species with unique characteristics, ecological value, and rich cultural history. Its distinctive leaves, aromatic qualities, and multiple uses make it a noteworthy addition to both natural landscapes and cultivated gardens, while its importance to wildlife underscores its ecological significance. For those seeking an unusual, low-maintenance native tree with four-season interest, Sassafras deserves serious consideration.